What is an Anion Gap Blood Test?
An anion gap blood test is a way to check the acid-base balance (pH balance) of your blood. It tells you if your blood is too acidic or not acidic enough. The test uses the results of another blood test called an electrolyte panel. Electrolytes are electrically charged minerals in your body, such as sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate. They help control the acid-base balance of your blood.
Some electrolytes have a positive electric charge. Others have a negative electric charge. The anion gap measures the difference—or gap—between the negatively charged and positively charged electrolytes in your blood. If the anion gap is too high, your blood is more acidic than normal. If the anion gap is too low, your blood isn’t acidic enough. Both high and low results may be signs of a serious disorder in your body that needs attention.
Other names: Serum anion gap
What is Anion Gap Blood Test used for?
The anion gap blood test shows whether your electrolytes are out of balance or if your blood is too acidic or not acidic enough. Too much acid in the blood is called acidosis. Too little acid in your blood is called alkalosis. Both conditions can be serious.
Why do I need an anion gap blood test?
Your health care provider may order an anion gap blood test if you have symptoms that your blood acidity may not be normal. These symptoms may include:
- Shortness of breath
- Vomiting
- Arrhythmia (a problem with the rate or rhythm of your heartbeat)
- Confusion
- Fatigue
What happens during an anion gap blood test?
The anion gap test is a calculation that’s done with the results of an electrolyte panel, which is a blood test.
During a blood test, a health care professional will take a blood sample from a vein in your arm, using a small needle. After the needle is inserted, a small amount of blood will be collected into a test tube.
Will I be required to do anything to prepare for the test?
There is no special preparation necessary for an anion gap blood test. If your provider has ordered more tests on your blood sample, you may need to fast (not eat or drink) for several hours before the test. Your provider will let you know if there are any special instructions to follow.
What do the Anion Gap Blood Test results mean?
Several types of medical conditions can cause abnormal anion gap test results. Your provider will use the results of the anion gap test, your medical history, and other tests to make a diagnosis.
A high anion gap test result may mean that you may have acidosis (blood that is more acidic than normal). Acidosis may be caused by:
- Dehydration
- Diarrhea
- Too much exercise
- Kidney diseases
- Diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis)
- Certain medicines and poisons
A low anion gap test result may mean you have alkalosis (blood that is less acidic than normal). But this result is so rare that your provider will usually have you tested again to make sure the results are accurate.
The most common cause of a low anion gap is a low level of albumin, a protein in the blood. Low albumin may be a sign of not eating enough protein, kidney problems, liver disease, heart disease, or some types of cancer.
The anion gap blood test provides information about the acid-base balance of your blood. This tells you about the health of many of your body functions. But there is a wide range of normal results and many possible causes of abnormal results. So, talk with your provider about what your test results mean and whether you need additional testing to make a diagnosis.